A useful mental model here is shared state versus dedicated state. Because standard containers share the host kernel, they also share its internal data structures like the TCP/IP stack, the Virtual File System caches, and the memory allocators. A vulnerability in parsing a malformed TCP packet in the kernel affects every container on that host. Stronger isolation models push this complex state up into the sandbox, exposing only simple, low-level interfaces to the host, like raw block I/O or a handful of syscalls.
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For implementers, this promise-heavy design constrains optimization opportunities. The spec mandates specific promise resolution ordering, making it difficult to batch operations or skip unnecessary async boundaries without risking subtle compliance failures. There are many hidden internal optimizations that implementers do make but these can be complicated and difficult to get right.
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